WAEC Areas of Concentration for Commerce 2025/2026

The WAEC Areas of Concentration for Commerce (2025/2026) outline key topics and subtopics essential for the SSCE exam. This syllabus covers trade, business, and marketing concepts. The article provides a guide to these areas, along with tips for effective preparation and answering exam questions.

The WAEC Commerce syllabus is designed for students in the Art, Commercial, or Social Science streams. The exam consists of two papers:

• Paper I: 50 multiple-choice questions (50 marks) to be completed in 50 minutes.
• Paper II: 8 essay questions, with candidates answering 5 within 2 hours (100 marks).

Both papers are taken in one sitting.

WAEC Areas of Concentration for Commerce 2025/2026

Commerce and E-Commerce: Key Topics

1. Definition of Commerce and E-Commerce
2. History/Background of Commerce
3. Scope of Commerce and E-Commerce
4. Functions of Commerce and E-Commerce
5. Occupation
   • Meaning of Occupation
   • Types of Occupation: Industrial, Commercial, Service
   • Factors determining types of occupation/employment
   • Career Opportunities
6. Production
   • Meaning of Production
   • Factors: Land, Labour, Capital, Entrepreneurship
   • Types: Primary, Secondary, Tertiary Production
7. Division of Labour/Specialization
   • Meaning
   • Types
   • Advantages and Disadvantages
   • Limitations
8. Inter-relationship between Production and Exchange
9. Business Units
10. Trade Associations
11. Business Capital and Profits

• Meaning and Types: Authorized/Registered/Normal, Called-up, Paid-up, Liquid/Circulating Capital

12. Credit

• Meaning, Sources, Instruments, Functions
• Calculation of Working Capital
• Importance of Working Capital

13. Profits

• Meaning, Types, Calculation of Profit

14. Turnover

• Meaning, Calculations, Factors Affecting Turnover

15. Trade

• Home Trade
• Foreign Trade
• Purchase and Sale of Goods in Home and Foreign Trade

16. Finance and Financial Institutions

• Money, Banks, Insurance
• Capital Market
• Stock Exchange
• Commodity Exchange

17. Transport, Tourism, Communication, and Warehousing

• Transport
• Tourism
• Communication
• Warehousing

18. Advertising

• Meaning, Roles, Advantages and Disadvantages
• Types: Informative, Persuasive, Competitive, Mass/Specific
• Methods: Direct and Indirect
• Media: Meaning, Choice, Types

19. Introduction to Marketing

• Marketing Concepts
• Customer Services
• Sales Promotion

20. Legal Aspects of Business

• Areas of Law Related to Business
• Consumer Protection
• Government Policies: Commercialization, Privatization, Deregulation

21. Introduction to Business Management

• Meaning and Objectives of Business
• Functions of Business Management

22. Business Resources

• Man, Money, Materials, Opportunities/Goodwill

23. Structure of Business Organization

• Organizational Chart, Departments, Functions, Authority, Delegation of Authority, Responsibility, Span of Control

24. Business and Its Environment

• Economic, Political, Competition, Technological, etc.

25. Social Responsibility of Business to Society
26. Importance of Inter and Intra-Departmental Communications
27. Economic Groupings

• ECOWAS
• Niger Basin Commission (NBC)
• Lake Chad Basin Commission (LCBC)
• Mano-River Union
• European Union
• West African Clearing House

This list covers essential topics within Commerce and E-Commerce for WAEC examination preparation.

WAEC Recommended Textbooks for Commerce 2025/2026 PDF

WAEC has released a new list of recommended Commerce textbooks for commercial/art students, available in both PDF and hard copy. These textbooks are essential for preparing for WAEC, NECO, JAMB, and GCE exams. The updated list includes approved textbooks aligned with the syllabus, helping students improve their chances of success in the WASSCE.

RECOMMENDED TEXTBOOK FOR COMMERCE	AUTHOR(S)	PUBLISHER
Exam Focus Commerce	Adetunji, P.G. et al	University Press
Commerce for Secondary Schools Books 1 – 3	Adeyemo, I. O. et al	Ibadan: Onibonoje
Round-Up for Senior Secondary Certificate Examination Commerce: A Complete Guide	Izuchukwu, A.E. et al	Lagos: Longman
Senior Secondary Commerce, Books One, Two, and Three	M. O. Odedokun, P. C. Udokogu and C. O. N. Oguji
Senior Secondary School Commerce Themes from Selected Epistles, Vol 1 – III	Aghaeghuna, E. O. N	Awka: Jet