2025/2026 WAEC GCE Civic Education Questions and Answers

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2025/2026 WAEC GCE Civic Education Questions and Answers

(4) Measures to Prevent Substance Abuse in Institutions (Pick Any Five)

(i) Awareness and Education Programs: Institutions should implement comprehensive programs that educate students on the dangers and consequences of substance abuse. These programs could involve workshops, seminars, and interactive sessions led by healthcare professionals and individuals in recovery. This approach offers real-life perspectives and empowers students to make informed decisions.

(ii) Counseling Services: Institutions should provide accessible and confidential counseling services to help students dealing with substance abuse issues. Professional counselors can offer individual therapy, group therapy, and peer support groups, creating a safe environment where students can seek help without fear of stigma.

(iii) Strict Enforcement of Policies: Establish and enforce strict policies against substance abuse within the institution. This should include a clear code of conduct that outlines the consequences of substance abuse, such as suspension, expulsion, or mandatory participation in rehabilitation programs. Strong policy enforcement ensures accountability and discourages harmful behaviors.

(iv) Parental Involvement: Institutions should encourage parental involvement in substance abuse prevention efforts. Regular meetings, workshops, and communication channels can educate parents on recognizing signs of substance abuse and on supporting their children in making healthier choices.

(v) Extracurricular Activities: Institutions should promote and support a variety of extracurricular activities, such as sports, music, arts, clubs, and volunteer work. These activities provide students with positive outlets for their energy and creativity, reducing the chances of them turning to substances due to boredom or peer pressure.

(vi) Peer Education Programs: Peer education programs should be established, where trained students teach their peers about the risks and consequences of substance abuse. Peer educators can communicate with their fellow students in a relatable manner, often having a greater impact than authority figures, making the message more effective.

(vii) Collaboration with Health Organizations: Institutions should collaborate with local health organizations, non-profits, and government agencies to provide additional resources and support for substance abuse prevention and treatment. These organizations can offer expertise, funding, and specialized programs that enhance the institution’s efforts to prevent and address substance abuse.

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(5a) Prevention Methods for HIV/AIDS (Pick Any Five)

(i) Use of Condoms: Consistently using condoms during sexual intercourse can significantly reduce the risk of HIV transmission. Condoms act as a barrier to prevent the exchange of bodily fluids, reducing the likelihood of infection.

(ii) Regular Testing: Regular HIV testing helps individuals know their status and take necessary precautions to prevent the spread of the virus. Early detection can also lead to timely treatment, improving the quality of life for those living with HIV.

(iii) Antiretroviral Therapy (ART): ART involves the use of a combination of medicines to manage HIV infection. By suppressing the viral load, ART helps individuals with HIV live healthier lives and significantly reduces the risk of transmitting the virus to others.

(iv) Avoid Sharing Needles: Sharing needles and syringes increases the risk of transmitting HIV. Safe practices, such as using clean, sterilized needles, are essential to prevent the spread of the virus among people who inject drugs.

(v) Safe Blood Transfusion Practices: Ensuring that blood transfusions are screened and free of HIV is essential to prevent transmission. Blood banks must follow strict protocols to ensure the safety of donated blood.

(vi) Establishment of Drug Substitution Therapy Programs: These programs provide alternative treatment options for individuals with substance use disorders, reducing their reliance on injectable drugs and minimizing the risk of HIV transmission through shared needles.

(vii) Comprehensive Sexual Education Programs: Schools and communities should implement sexual education programs that provide information about HIV transmission and prevention. Educating individuals about safe sexual practices helps to reduce risky behaviors.

(viii) Encouraging Unmarried People to Abstain from Casual Sex: Promoting abstinence or monogamous relationships can help reduce the likelihood of exposure to HIV through casual sexual encounters.

(ix) Avoiding Contact with Infected Body Fluids: Individuals should avoid direct contact with blood, semen, vaginal fluids, or other body fluids that may carry HIV, especially in the absence of protective barriers.

(x) Distribution of Sterilized Needles and Syringes: Providing sterile needles and syringes in hospitals and healthcare settings helps reduce the risk of HIV transmission among individuals who inject drugs.

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(5b) Symptoms of HIV/AIDS (Pick Any Five)

(i) Persistent Fever: Individuals living with HIV/AIDS often experience recurrent fevers that can last for weeks. This is due to the body’s weakened immune system trying to fight off infections.

(ii) Chronic Fatigue: Fatigue is a common symptom for people living with HIV/AIDS. This tiredness is extreme and doesn’t improve with rest, as the body is constantly battling infections.

(iii) Weight Loss: Unexplained weight loss, or “wasting,” is another symptom of HIV/AIDS. It occurs due to the body using more energy to fight infections and may also be linked to loss of appetite or problems with nutrient absorption.

(iv) Skin Rashes and Sores: People with HIV/AIDS may develop various skin conditions, including rashes, sores, or lesions. These often persist and can be difficult to treat.

(v) Swollen Lymph Nodes: Swollen lymph nodes, especially in the neck, armpits, and groin, are common in people living with HIV/AIDS. This is a sign that the immune system is responding to an infection.

(vi) Night Sweats: Excessive sweating at night is a common symptom of HIV/AIDS. This can be so severe that it soaks through clothing and bedding, usually a sign of an ongoing infection or fever.

(vii) Headache: People living with HIV/AIDS may experience severe headaches. These are typically a result of systemic inflammation and immune responses triggered by the HIV infection.

(6a) (Pick Any Three)

(i) National Agency for the Prohibition of Trafficking in Persons (NAPTIP)
NAPTIP is the government agency responsible for addressing human trafficking, protecting victims, and prosecuting traffickers in Nigeria. It works in collaboration with other national and international organizations to combat trafficking.

(ii) Nigeria Police Force (NPF)
The Nigeria Police Force is the law enforcement agency responsible for maintaining law and order, preventing crime, and investigating criminal activities, including human trafficking.

(iii) Nigeria Immigration Service (NIS)
The NIS is tasked with regulating immigration, including preventing human trafficking at borders and ensuring that individuals are not illegally trafficked across Nigeria’s borders.

(iv) Nigeria Security and Civil Defence Corps (NSCDC)
The NSCDC is a paramilitary organization that provides protection and safety to citizens, and works in conjunction with other agencies to prevent human trafficking and other crimes.

(v) Federal Ministry of Women Affairs and Social Development
This Ministry focuses on the welfare of women and children, including tackling human trafficking, providing support for survivors, and ensuring gender equality.

(vi) Federal Ministry of Justice
The Ministry of Justice is responsible for ensuring the rule of law, protecting human rights, and facilitating the prosecution of offenders, including those involved in human trafficking.

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(6b) (Pick Any Six)

(i) Loss of Human Rights
Victims of human trafficking suffer severe violations of their human rights, including forced labor, sexual exploitation, and physical and psychological abuse. These individuals are often stripped of their freedom and dignity.

(ii) Health Issues
Trafficked individuals face significant health problems, including injuries, sexually transmitted infections, malnutrition, and mental health disorders like depression and PTSD, due to harsh living conditions and abuse.

(iii) Economic Impact
Human trafficking undermines the economic development of the country, depriving it of the productive contributions of trafficked individuals, and increasing the burden on social and healthcare services.

(iv) Social Disintegration
Human trafficking disrupts families and communities, eroding trust and social cohesion. The loss of family members to trafficking can have long-lasting emotional and psychological effects.

(v) Stigmatization
Survivors of human trafficking often face social stigma and discrimination, making reintegration into society difficult. This stigma further marginalizes them, preventing access to necessary support services.

(vi) Legal Challenges
Prosecuting traffickers is difficult due to corruption within law enforcement and judicial systems, lack of resources, and insufficient legal frameworks.

(vii) Insecurity
Human trafficking contributes to broader security issues, including organized crime, terrorism, and overlaps with other criminal activities like drug trafficking and arms smuggling.

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(7a) (Pick Any One)

The Rule of Law
The rule of law is a principle that ensures all individuals, institutions, and government entities are subject to and accountable under the law, which is enforced by an impartial and independent judiciary. It promotes equality, fairness, and justice, and prevents arbitrary use of power.

OR

Rule of Law
The rule of law can be described as the principle and procedures necessary for the protection of individuals from arbitrary government. This involves the three principles of supremacy of the law, equality before the law, and fundamental human rights within the state.

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(7b) (Pick Any Six)

(i) Independent Judiciary
An independent judiciary ensures unbiased decision-making, allowing judges to make rulings without political or private influence, essential for fair and impartial justice.

(ii) Effective Legal Framework
An effective legal framework includes clear, regularly updated laws that are accessible to citizens. It should also provide mechanisms for enforcement and dispute resolution.

(iii) Transparency and Accountability
Government officials and institutions must operate transparently with clear procedures and open communication. Mechanisms such as audits and oversight bodies ensure accountability.

(iv) Access to Justice
Citizens should have affordable legal services, including public defenders for those who cannot afford private counsel, and efficient judicial processes that ensure timely justice.

(v) Equality Before the Law
Laws should apply equally to all individuals, irrespective of socio-economic status, gender, or race, ensuring fairness and justice for all.

(vi) Protection of Fundamental Rights
Laws should protect citizens’ individual rights and freedoms, allowing them to exercise their rights without fear of oppression or unjust treatment.

(vii) Public Awareness and Education
Legal education and public awareness are essential for fostering a law-abiding society, encouraging active participation in democratic processes, and helping citizens understand and protect their rights.

(viii) Checks and Balances
A system of checks and balances ensures that no branch of government becomes too powerful. It divides powers among the executive, legislative, and judicial branches, maintaining a balance and preventing abuse of power.

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(8) (Pick Any Five)

(i) Corruption
Corruption is a significant obstacle to democratic governance, undermining public trust, skewing policy decisions, and diverting resources from essential public services.

(ii) Political Instability
Frequent coups, political violence, and civil unrest disrupt democratic processes and governance, hindering social and economic progress.

(iii) Weak Institutions
Weak institutions struggle with inefficiency and lack of resources, making it difficult to enforce laws, deliver public services, or check executive power.

(iv) Poverty and Inequality
High levels of poverty and inequality limit political participation, contribute to social tensions, and hinder access to justice for marginalized groups.

(v) Ethnic and Religious Tensions
Ethnic and religious divisions lead to conflict and instability, with politicians sometimes exacerbating these tensions for electoral gain.

(vi) Electoral Fraud
Electoral fraud, such as vote-rigging and disenfranchisement, erodes public confidence in elections and the democratic process, often leading to political violence.

(vii) Limited Press Freedom
Restrictions on press freedom and the harassment of journalists stifle public discourse, limiting access to information and preventing government accountability.

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(9) (Pick Any Five)

(i) Framework of Government
The Constitution defines the structure, powers, and functions of the branches of government, ensuring a clear separation of powers and responsibilities.

(ii) Fundamental Rights and Freedoms
The Constitution guarantees basic rights and freedoms for citizens, such as freedom of speech, religion, and assembly, which are protected from infringement by the government.

(iii) Supremacy of Law
The Constitution is the supreme law of the land, meaning all other laws must conform to its provisions, ensuring stability and predictability in governance.

(iv) Rule of Law
The Constitution promotes the rule of law by ensuring that all individuals and institutions are accountable to the law and that justice is administered impartially.

(v) Checks and Balances
The Constitution establishes a system where each branch of government has the means to limit or check the actions of the others, preventing any branch from becoming too powerful.

(vi) Amendment Procedures
The Constitution outlines processes for amendments, ensuring it can evolve with changing circumstances through a democratic process.

(vii) Citizenship and Duties
The Constitution defines who is a citizen and the rights, responsibilities, and duties associated with citizenship, such as voting and paying taxes.

(viii) Decentralization
The Constitution may establish local governance frameworks, distributing powers to local authorities and outlining the relationship between central and local governments.

(ix) Public Finance
The Constitution provides guidelines for managing public finances, ensuring financial accountability, transparency, and responsible use of public funds.

(x) Emergency Powers
The Constitution specifies when emergency powers can be invoked, the scope of these powers, and safeguards to prevent abuse during emergencies.

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